What is an Operating System?

Originally Published Aug 2024, with additions on Sept 17, Nov 4th 2024, and Dec 5th 2024. 

An operating system, often called an OS, is the unsung hero behind every computing device you use. Whether it’s your desktop computer, your smartphone, or even the servers running the websites you visit, an operating system is quietly working in the background to make sure everything runs smoothly. But what exactly does it do?

This article will take a deep dive into operating systems and by its conclusion you’ll have a better understanding of what exactly an operating system is, how it works, and which is right for your small business.

If you aren’t sure about which OS will best serve your business or want to get the most out of your current setup, a managed service provider is an excellent option. An MSP will handle all of the necessary updates and optimizations, while ensuring that your IT system grows with your business.

What Does an Operating System Do?

At its simplest, an operating system is the software that allows all the different parts of a computer – like the hardware and the applications you use – to communicate with each other. For the most part, your computer’s operating system will come preloaded on your devices, although custom built PC’s usually need to have an OS installed prior to being used.

Without an OS, your computer wouldn’t be able to do much of anything. It wouldn’t know how to open a document, browse the internet, or even load your desktop in the first place. The OS is what makes all these things possible, turning a mix of hardware into a useful, functioning tool.

A Brief History of the Operating System

While the earliest computers date to the 1940s, operating systems didn’t come onto the scene until 1956. Prior to this time operators were human operators – and calculations were carried out using punch cards and physical switches. As a side effect of this, computers were often only as fast as their operators – and operators (both good and bad) were in short supply.

In 1956 the first operating system, called GMOS, was developed. This system was designed by General Motors and ran on an IBM 704 mainframe computer. The major innovation here was single stream batch processing. This allowed the computer to run multiple programs sequentially – starting a new one after the first had finished. By allowing the computer to perform multiple tasks the role of the human operator was reduced, making these systems far more efficient.

The next major innovation for operating systems came in 1959 with the release of the Programmed Data Processor-1, or PDP-1. PDP-1 was built with an emphasis on user interaction beyond punch cards. The PDP-1 offered the first word processor and even included a CRT screen which could be interacted with using a “light-pen” – essentially an early version of a touch screen!

In 1969, UNIX was developed by AT&T’s Bell Labs and would eventually become one of the most influential operating systems. Its design principles of simplicity, portability, and modularity laid the groundwork for many future systems. UNIX’s codebase eventually led to a variety of derivatives, including Linux, which dominates the world of servers to this day.

The 1980s and 1990s saw the rise of personal computing, with Microsoft’s DOS and later, Windows, becoming widespread on consumer desktops. Apple’s macOS, built on a UNIX-like foundation, also gained popularity during this time. These operating systems offered progressively simpler user interfaces and made computers available to the masses.

A (slightly) Technical Explanation of How Operating Systems Work:

While an operating system (OS) makes using a computer seem effortless, it’s built on a complex foundation of interconnected components. These components work together to manage the computer’s resources, facilitate communication between hardware and software, and provide an interface for the user.

At a more technical level, the primary elements of an operating system include the kernel, file system, user interface, and device drivers. Understanding these components offers insight into how an OS functions behind the scenes.

The File System: Managing Data Storage and Retrieval

The file system is a critical part of the operating system that handles how data is stored and organized on a computer. It provides the file management structure that allows users and applications to save, retrieve, and organize files efficiently.

The file system organizes data into directories and files, ensuring that information is easily accessible. It also manages permissions and access control, determining who can view or modify specific files.

The User Interface: Facilitating User Interaction

The user interface (UI) is the component of the operating system that allows users to interact with their computer. This can be a graphical user interface (GUI), such as the desktop environment in Windows or macOS, or a command-line interface (CLI), where users type commands to perform tasks.

The UI simplifies complex operations, making the system user-friendly for people of varying technical expertise. By translating user inputs into actions the computer can execute, the UI serves as a vital connection between the user and the underlying system processes.

The Different Types of Operating System

Operating systems come in various forms, tailored to meet the specific needs of different devices and environments. Desktop operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux, are designed for personal computers, offering a balance between performance, usability, and functionality.

Server operating systems, on the other hand, are built to manage and run large-scale applications, often powering the backend of websites, databases, and corporate networks. These systems prioritize stability, security, and resource management, handling multiple users and processes simultaneously.

Mobile operating systems, like Apple iOS and Android, are optimized for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, and are built for ease of use, energy efficiency, and app compatibility.

Finally, embedded systems run on specialized hardware, such as smart devices (including thermostats, smart refrigerators, washing machines, and countless other internet of things [IOT] devices), automobiles, and industrial machines, where they are optimized to perform very specific tasks with limited resources.

The Most Common Operating Systems for PCs

When it comes to personal computers, three modern operating systems dominate the market: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. Each of these operating systems offers unique features, catering to different needs and preferences.

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is by far the most widely used operating system for PCs, powering millions of devices worldwide. Known for its user-friendly interface and extensive software compatibility, Windows is the go-to OS for most personal and business use.

As of July 2024, 72% of laptops and desktops were running a version of Windows.
One of the key advantages of Windows is its widespread support from software developers, which means that most applications, including popular productivity tools, games, and business software, are designed to run on Windows.

Windows also offers a high level of customization, allowing users to tailor their experience to their needs. From a business perspective, Windows is popular because of its enterprise-level features, such as integration with the Microsoft Office suite, security updates, and support for remote management tools.
However, its popularity also makes it a frequent target for malware and security threats.

macOS

macOS, developed by Apple, is known for its sleek design, strong focus on user experience, and seamless integration with other Apple products. macOS is the operating system used on Apple’s line of desktop and laptop computers, including the iMac and MacBook series. macOS is the second most popular operating system for personal computers and represents ~15% of the global market share.

One of the primary advantages of macOS is its stability and security, as Apple tightly controls both the hardware and software environments, reducing the likelihood of system crashes and security vulnerabilities.

For creative professionals, macOS is often the preferred choice due to its compatibility with high-end software for graphic design, video editing, and music production. Additionally, macOS integrates seamlessly with other Apple devices, such as iPhones and iPads, allowing users to move effortlessly between different devices.

However, macOS is generally more expensive than other options, as it is only available on Apple hardware, which tends to command a more premium price compared to the more common Windows machines.

Linux

Linux is an open-source operating system that stands out for its flexibility, customization, and security features. Unlike Windows and macOS, which are proprietary systems, Linux is available in a variety of distributions (or “distros”), each tailored to different use cases.

Popular distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian. Linux is particularly favored by developers, IT professionals, and tech enthusiasts because of its robust security, stability, and the freedom it offers to modify the system as needed.

While Linux has traditionally been considered less user-friendly than Windows or macOS, recent distributions have made significant strides in improving ease of use. Many Linux distributions now offer intuitive graphical interfaces that resemble the look and feel of other mainstream operating systems.

Linux also tends to be more secure against malware and viruses, as its open-source nature allows a global community of developers to quickly address vulnerabilities. However, it may not be the best choice for users who rely on proprietary software, as many applications, especially industry-specific ones, are not available on Linux.

The Most Common Operating Systems for Mobile Devices

Just like laptop and desktop computers, mobile devices rely on operating systems to provide users with access to apps, settings, and services. Currently, Android and iOS control the overwhelming majority of the market share:

Android

Android, created by Google, is the most widely adopted mobile operating system worldwide and currently controls 71% of the global mobile operating system market share.

Its open-source platform allows manufacturers like Samsung, Xiaomi, and Sony to customize the software for their devices, offering flexibility that spans a wide range of price points and hardware configurations. This adaptability makes Android the go-to OS for many budget, mid-tier, and premium smartphones.

Android offers access to millions of apps via the Google Play Store, with support for a broad range of third-party apps and services. The platform is known for its customizable user interface, letting users modify their device’s appearance and functionality through widgets, themes, and launchers.

Android also integrates seamlessly with Google services like Gmail, Google Maps, and Google Drive, making it a convenient choice for users embedded in the Google ecosystem.

iOS

iOS, developed by Apple, powers the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Known for its refined and intuitive user experience, iOS is designed with security and performance in mind.

Unlike Android, iOS is a closed system, which means only Apple can modify and update the software. This controlled ecosystem ensures tighter integration with Apple hardware and services, such as iCloud, FaceTime, and the Apple App Store.

The iOS App Store is known for its rigorous app review process, providing users with a curated and secure app selection. iOS is often praised for its seamless integration across Apple’s product lineup, enabling features like AirDrop, Handoff, and Continuity, which enhance the user experience across multiple devices.

Other Mobile Operating Systems

Currently Android and iOS rule the mobile operating world – but their duopoly may not last forever – at least not in developing and BRICs nations.

HarmonyOS, developed by Huawei, was introduced as a direct response to U.S. trade restrictions and is gradually expanding to more Huawei devices, particularly in China. It offers integration across a wide range of Huawei products, including smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices.

Mobile Operating Systems That Double as General Purpose Operating Systems

Some mobile operating systems go beyond the confines of typical mobile devices and function as general-purpose operating systems. These systems allow users to have the flexibility of desktop-like environments while using mobile hardware.

Samsung DeX

Samsung DeX is a unique platform that allows certain Samsung Galaxy devices to provide a desktop-like experience when connected to a monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

Powered by Android, DeX transforms the smartphone’s interface into a desktop-style environment, complete with resizable windows and multitasking capabilities. This versatility makes it an excellent tool for users who need to work on-the-go but prefer a full desktop experience without necessarily wanting to carry around a laptop.

Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu Touch, developed by UBports, is an open-source mobile operating system that doubles as a general-purpose OS. It offers a convergence feature, allowing users to connect their phone to a display and use it as a full-fledged desktop.

Ubuntu Touch is especially popular among privacy-conscious users and those looking for an alternative to Android and iOS.

Running Multiple Operating Systems on One Device

In general, a single operating system is able to meet most people’s needs. However, there are occasional exceptions – perhaps a piece of mission critical software that your company occasionally uses only works on Windows while the rest of your computer programs run on Apple’s operating system.

Instead of purchasing a device solely dedicated to running a separate operating system, there are ways to run a second (or third) OS on the equipment you already have! Here are some ways this can be achieved:

Virtual Machines

Virtual machines (VMs) let you run multiple operating systems simultaneously on the same hardware. Tools like VMware, VirtualBox, and Hyper-V allow users to create isolated environments where different operating systems can operate independently.

This is particularly useful for developers and IT professionals who need to test applications across platforms.

Dual Boot

Dual booting allows you to install and choose between two operating systems on a single device. For example, a user might install both Windows and Linux on their computer, selecting the desired OS at startup.

This setup is ideal for users who need to leverage the strengths of each system without virtualization overhead.

Specialized Hardware

Some hardware platforms, like macOS devices with Apple Silicon, support running multiple operating systems through virtualization or specialized tools. For example, Apple’s Parallels Desktop enables users to run Windows on a Mac, taking advantage of the hardware’s performance without needing to reboot into a different OS.

Containers

Containers, such as those managed by Docker, provide lightweight and isolated environments for running applications across different operating systems. While not strictly a full operating system, containers replicate much of an OS’s functionality, making them a popular choice for cloud-native development and deployment.

Compatibility Layers

Software solutions like Wine or Proton enable users to run applications designed for a different operating system. For instance, Wine allows Windows applications to run on Linux without needing a full Windows OS installation.

This approach minimizes resource usage while maintaining compatibility.

Three Operating System Myths Debunked

Call them what you will, myths, stereotypes, or simple misunderstandings – there is a lot of misinformation about operating systems!

Computers running macOS cannot be infected with viruses.

There’s a persistent myth that macOS is immune to viruses and malware, but this is far from true. While macOS has strong security features, no operating system is completely impervious to threats. macOS users still need to be vigilant, as the platform is not immune to cyberattacks, malware, or viruses.

Why macOS can still be infected with viruses:

1. No Operating System Is Invulnerable: Every operating system, including macOS, has vulnerabilities. Hackers and cybercriminals develop malware specifically targeting macOS, and while macOS might be less targeted than Windows due to its smaller market share, it is by no means immune.
2. macOS Has Its Own Malware: Over the years, there have been numerous examples of malware and viruses that specifically target macOS. For instance, threats like the Atomic Stealer (AMOS), MacKeeper, and MacStealer demonstrate that macOS can be infected. These attacks are designed to exploit vulnerabilities and infect Apple devices.
3. Phishing and Social Engineering Attacks: Even though macOS has strong built-in security features, many attacks don’t require a technical vulnerability. Phishing and social engineering scams can trick users into installing malware or giving away sensitive information, and these attacks are platform-agnostic—meaning they can happen just as easily on macOS as they can on Windows.
4. Third-Party Software Risks: Many macOS infections happen through third-party software or browser plugins. Downloading software from untrusted sources or using outdated plugins can introduce malware, adware, or other harmful programs. Even apps from reputable developers can be compromised, as was seen with the XcodeGhost incident.
5. macOS Security Features Are Good, but Not Foolproof: macOS does come with built-in security features like Gatekeeper, XProtect, and a robust permissions system. However, these systems primarily protect against known threats, and new or sophisticated malware can still slip through the cracks. Apple regularly updates its security measures, but this is a constant battle against evolving threats.
6. User Behavior Still Matters: Even the most secure operating system can be compromised if users are not cautious. Downloading pirated software, clicking on suspicious links, or ignoring security updates can all lead to malware infections, regardless of the operating system.

Linux is very difficult to learn how to use

The perception that Linux is difficult to use is outdated and generally no longer true, especially with the advancements in user-friendly distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Linux Mint.

While early versions of Linux may have required a high level of technical expertise, today’s Linux systems are designed to be accessible to beginners and everyday users.

Why Linux isn’t as difficult as you might think:

1. User-Friendly Distributions: Modern Linux distributions (or “distros”) like Ubuntu and Linux Mint are built with ease of use in mind. They offer intuitive graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that closely resemble those of Windows and macOS, allowing users to perform everyday tasks—like browsing the web, managing files, and using applications—without needing to touch the command line.
2. Simplified Installation: Installing Linux used to be a complex task requiring technical know-how. Now, it’s as easy as installing any other operating system. Many distros offer step-by-step installation guides and live boot options, allowing users to try out the system before committing to a full install.
3. Software Availability and Package Managers: A common misconception is that Linux lacks available software. However, most distros come with app stores or package managers that make it simple to find, install, and update software. From office suites to media players and web browsers, everything is just a few clicks away—no more difficult than installing apps on Windows or macOS.
4. Growing Community and Support: Linux has a large and active community that provides extensive support through forums, wikis, and documentation. Beginners can easily find answers to common questions or issues. Additionally, many Linux distros come with built-in help tools, making it easier to troubleshoot without outside assistance.
5. No Need for Command Line Mastery: While the command line is a powerful tool in Linux, it’s not mandatory for basic day-to-day use. Modern distros allow users to perform most tasks through graphical interfaces, so you can enjoy the benefits of Linux without needing to know any complex commands.

Windows is only suitable for home use – not professional or creative work

The notion that Windows is primarily designed for home users and lacks the power or flexibility for professional and creative work is simply false. In reality, Windows has evolved into a robust platform that is widely used across industries—from design studios to corporate offices—due to its versatility, extensive software support, and performance capabilities.

Why Windows is highly suitable for professional and creative work:

1. Professional-Grade Software Support: Windows is compatible with a vast array of professional-grade software used in industries like graphic design, video editing, programming, engineering, and data analysis. Leading tools such as Adobe Creative Cloud (Photoshop, Premiere Pro, Illustrator), AutoCAD, MATLAB, and professional video editing suites are all fully supported and optimized for Windows.
2. High-End Hardware Compatibility: Windows works seamlessly with a wide range of hardware, including high-performance workstations, advanced GPUs, and peripherals needed for professional tasks. This makes it an excellent choice for tasks requiring powerful processing, such as 3D rendering, video production, and software development.
3. Enterprise-Ready Features: Windows offers features specifically designed for enterprise and professional environments, such as Windows Server integration, Active Directory, and built-in encryption tools like BitLocker. These features are essential for businesses, government organizations, and professionals who require a secure, stable, and scalable operating system.
4. Customization for Workflow Efficiency: Windows allows users to customize their workspace and optimize their workflows with features like virtual desktops, multi-monitor support, and task automation tools. Power users can utilize Windows’ scripting and automation capabilities, like PowerShell, to streamline complex workflows.
5. Gaming and Creative Industries: Many professionals in the gaming and creative industries rely on Windows for its compatibility with development tools, game engines like Unity and Unreal Engine, and its strong support for 3D modeling and animation software such as Blender, Autodesk Maya, and Cinema 4D.
6. Collaboration and Productivity Tools: Windows excels at collaboration, offering native support for Microsoft Office Suite, Teams, and OneDrive, along with easy integration with other productivity platforms like Google Workspace and Zoom. These tools are widely used in business and creative environments, making Windows ideal for teamwork and project management.

Encryption:

Most operating systems offer native encryption tools like BitLocker (Windows) and FileVault (macOS), which encrypt your data, making it unreadable to unauthorized users.

Up until quite recently, Microsoft’s BitLocker was only available on their enterprise grade operating systems. However, as of May 2024 all versions of Windows 11 have gained access to this powerful tool.

Firewalls:

Operating systems include firewalls that act as barriers between your device and potential threats from the internet. While software firewalls are a valuable tool – small businesses should consider investing in a hardware firewall to get the best protection for their network.

We’ve written a blog examining how hardware firewalls work and it provides information to help you determine if your business needs one.

Antivirus and Malware Protection:

Windows Defender and Apple’s XProtect are examples of integrated tools designed to detect and neutralize malware, reducing the need for third-party solutions.

In some cases third-party antivirus may offer more robust features like scheduling – but for casual users the built-in solutions are a great starting point.

Regular Updates and Patches

This is the ‘feature’ that everyone hates – automatic updates. However, updates are absolutely critical and should be allowed to happen as needed.

Developers regularly release patches to address newly discovered vulnerabilities, ensuring that your device is protected against the latest threats. Failing to install updates leaves systems exposed to exploits, making timely updates essential.

Sandboxing and Application Isolation

Operating systems often employ sandboxing to isolate applications from critical system components. This ensures that even if one application is compromised, it cannot access sensitive data or affect the OS as a whole.
For example, macOS uses App Sandbox, while Android isolates apps to prevent data breaches.

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and Passkey Integration

Many operating systems now integrate with MFA tools to add an extra layer of security. By requiring two or more verification steps, MFA makes it harder for attackers to gain access to your accounts, even if they have your password.
Increasingly, companies are moving away from passwords in favor of biometrics and passkeys. Windows Hello, for example, allows you to use a pin, facial recognition, or fingerprint to access websites and applications. The sites and apps must be compatible with Windows Hello passkeys – but this feature is becoming commonplace.

User Permissions and Access Control

Operating systems provide granular control over who can access specific files or applications. Features like Linux’s chmod commands, Windows user groups, and macOS permission settings let you define what each user or application is allowed to do.

The Future of Operating Systems

As technology continues to evolve, operating systems are set to undergo significant transformations. In the short term, we can expect more seamless integration across devices and the addition of AI-powered features.

In the next few years, operating systems will focus on enhancing cross-platform compatibility and delivering more integrated, user-friendly experiences. Both Android and iOS are already moving toward ecosystems where mobile devices, wearables, smart home devices, and even cars communicate seamlessly.

Notably, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay have already brought this sort of integration to the automotive world. Many modern cars now interface seamlessly with your smartphone, leveraging its processing power and data connection rather than requiring those features to be built into the car itself.

This trend will only intensify, with features like multi-device continuity, cross-device synchronization, and integrated AI-driven services becoming more sophisticated. Users will expect their phones, tablets, laptops, and other connected devices to share data instantly, allowing them to pick up tasks wherever they left off.

While this heightened level of interconnection promises increased productivity, it does raise concerns. Today, privacy is at the center of many discussions related to technology – and in a future where your phone, smart watch, thermostat, and laptop all live and breathe in the same digital ecosystem the risks grow ever greater.